Logic grid puzzle
A logic grid puzzle gives you several sets of items and a list of clues, and asks you to deduce the single way of matching each item in one set to exactly one item in every other set.
The grid is bookkeeping rather than the puzzle itself. Each block of the grid crosses two sets, and you mark a square with a cross when a clue rules that pairing out and with a circle when a clue confirms it. The rule that does the real work is that each row and column within a block holds exactly one circle, so confirming a pairing immediately rules out every other pairing along both lines.
That is what turns a short clue list into a full solution. A circle placed in one block fills crosses along a row and a column; if those crosses leave a single empty square in some other line, that square must be a circle, which spreads more crosses in turn. Chains like this are why a puzzle with five clues can pin down twenty facts.
The genre is also called an Einstein puzzle or a zebra puzzle, after a widely circulated example about five houses. A well-formed one has exactly one solution and is reachable by deduction alone, with no point at which you have to guess and backtrack.
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